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前言
IGS的这篇文章对北斗卫星的概况做了简单总结，尤其是各个卫星的物理参数和坐标系转换。更为详细的信息可以参考中国卫星导航系统管理办公室测试评估研究中心的官网http://www.csno-tarc.cn/index/index&ce=china
ThispageprovidesanoverviewoftheSatellitesintheBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS).TechnicalparametersoftheindivdualsatellitesandrelatedconventionsappliedwithintheMGEXprojectaresummarizedintheSpacecraftCharacteristicssection.InformationabouttheoperationalstatusofBeiDoucanbefoundonthewebsiteoftheTestandAssessmentResearchCenterofChinaSatelliteNavigationOffice（http://www.csno-tarc.cn/index/index&ce=china）
Satellites
TheregionalBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem(BDS-2,earlierreferredtoasCOMPASS)originallycomprisedatotalof15launchedsatellitesoutofwhich13werefullyoperationalin2015.BDS-2replacementsatelliteshavebeenlaunchedin2016and2018.Inmid2015,Chinastartedthebuild-upofthe3rdgenerationBeiDousystem(BDS-3)whichwillshallofferafullyglobalnavigationserviceby2020.In2015/2016,fiveBDS-3Sin-orbitvalidationsatelliteshavebeenlaunched.Build-upoftheoperationalBeiDou-3constellationwasdelayedbylauncherissuesandfinallystartedinNovember2017.
Notes:
Intheabsenceofofficialspacevehiclenumbers(SVNs),preliminarynumbersfortheBDS-2satelliteshavebeenassigendforusewithintheMGEXprojectbasedonthelaunchsequenceoftherespectivespacecraft.
C004wasmovedfrom84.0°EtonewpositionbetweenNov7and22,2012.
Notes:
ThefiveBEIDOU??-SsatellitesareexperimentalsatellitesoftheBeiDou-3constellationmanufacturedbyChinaAcademyofScience(CAS)andChinaAcademyofSpaceTechnology(CAST),see[5].
TheassociationofPRN/SVNandNORAD/Int.Sat.IDnumbersforBEIDOUM1-SandM2-Sintheabovetablehasbeencorrectedon02-Nov-2017basedoninformationfromILRS/SHAO.
NotrackingofC35sofar
NotrackingofC34since11June2018
OnlyB1single-frequencytrackingofC101/C16andC104/C18afterPRNswitchesinApril/June2018
B1/B3dual-frequencytrackingofC101/C31afterPRNswitchinJuly2018
High-gainantennameasurementson27/28July2018:
C101:B1/B2/B3signaltransmissionC104:B1/B3signaltransmissionC103:B1/B2/B3signaltransmission
Notes:
Thenumberingofthespacecraftinthesatellitecatalogdiffersfromthecommonnames.
Thespacevehiclenumber(SVN)usedherefollowsthesatellitecatalognumber(NORADID).
InformationonBDS-3ispreliminaryandmightbesubjecttochange.
SpacecraftCharacteristics
BeiDou-2
AcomprehensivecollectionoftechnicalinformationwithassociatedreferencesfortheBeiDou-2satellitescanbeobtainedattheCNSSpageofESA'seoPortal.
TheBeiDou-2spacecraftareequippedwithbroadbandGNSSantennasfortheB1,B2,andB3frequencybandsaswellasalaserretroreflectorarray(LRA)forsatellitelaserranging.
Fig.1SpacecraftreferencesystemandsensorlocationfortheIGSO/MEO(left)andGEOsatellites(right)oftheBeiDou-2regionalnavigationsystem.ReproducedfromDOI10.1016/j.asr.2015.06.019withpermissionofElsevier;satelliteimagescourtesyCSNO.
PhasecentercoordinatesoftheBeiDou-2GNSSantennaandtheLRAasrecommendedforusewithintheMGEXprojectareprovidedinthefollowingtable.Amachine-readableversionofthephasecenteroffsetinformationforeachsatelliteisprovidedaspartoftheIGS14ANTEXproduct.
AllvaluesrefertotheIGS-specificspacecraftcoordinatesystemillustratedinFig.1.Thissystemisalignedwiththemainbodyaxesandoriginatesintheplaneoppositetotheantenna.Forallthreespacecrafttypes
the+zIGS-axisisorientedalongtheboresightdirectionoftheantenna,
the+yIGS-axisisparalleltotherotationaxisofthesolarpanels,and
the+xIGS-axiscompletesarighthandedsystem.
Thedetailedorientationofthe+xIGSand+yIGS-axesfortheBeiDOu-2satellitesisdefinedasshowninthedrawings.TheGNSSantennaisshiftedin+xIGS-directionrelativetothecenterofthefrontpanel,whiletheLRAislocatedinthe-xIGS/-yIGS-corner.OnGEOsatellites,the+xIGS-panelholdstheC-bandtelecommunicationantenna.
ForthemodellingofsatellitelaserrangingmeasurementsnominalcoordinatesoftheeffectiveLRAreflectionpointhavebeenspecifiedbytheChinaSatelliteNavigationEngineeringCenteraspartoftheILRSmissionsupportrequest.
DuetoalackofpubliclyavailableantennaphasecenteroffsetsfortheBeiDou-2satellites,conventionalvaluesof(+0.6m,0.0m,+1.1m)arerecommendedfororbitandclockdeterminationoftheBeiDou-2GEO/IGSO/MEOsatellitesuntilfurthernotice.Thevaluesprovideafirstestimateoftheactualphasecenterrelativetothecenterofmassbasedontheimagesandmodels.
BasedonactualBeiDou-2GNSSobservations,refinedx-offsetsofabout+0.55mvaluesandz-offsetsof3-4mand2.0-2.5mhavebeendeterminedin[2]fortheBeiDou-2IGSOandMEOsatellites,respectively,usingaionosphere-freeB1/B2combination.Evenlargerz-offsetswereobtainedfortheionosphere-freeB1/B3combination.
TheattitudeoftheBeiDou-2satellitesisactivelycontrolledtoorientthe+zIGSaxistowardstheEarth.FortheMEOandIGSOsatellitesayawsteeringattitudeisemployed,inwhichthesatelliteiscontinuouslyrotatedaboutthe+zIGSaxistomaintaintheyIGS-axisperpendiculartotheplanemadeupbytheSun,Earth,andsatellite.SimilartotheIGSsatellites,the+xIGS-axisispointedtowardsthesun-lithemisphere.FortheGEOsatellitesanorbitnormalmodeisadopted,inwhichthe+yIGSisorientedperpendiculartotheorbitalplan.TheorbitnormalmodeisalsoemployedbytheMEO/IGSOsatellitewhentheSunelevationabovetheorbitalplaneislessthanabout4°.AnoverviewofBeiDou-2attitudemodesandrelatedmathematicalformulationsareprovidedin[3].Modetransitionsatlowβ-anglesarefurtherdiscussedin[4].
ThelatestBDS-2IGSOsatelliteC017doesnotenterorbitnormalmode.F.Dilssner(ESOC)developedanattitudemodelforthissatellite[6]andreportsthattheMEOsatelliteC015andtheIGSOsatelliteC005followalsothisattitudelawsinceOctober2016andMarch2017,respectively.
BeiDou-3S
BeiDou-3SstandsforfiveBeiDou-3testsatelliteslaunchedin2015/2016.TheytransmitlegacyB1signalssimilartotheBeiDou-2satellitesaswellasmodernizedsignalsintheL1,E5,andB3band.
ManufacturersatelliteantennaphasecenteroffsetsaswellasSLRretroreflectoroffsetsforC101-C104arepublishedin[5].TheM1S/M2Ssatellitesareequippedwithanadditionalfold-outphasedarrayantenna.However,itisunknownwhichnavigationsignalsaretransmittedbythisantenna.
BeiDou-3
[1]ILRSBeiDou(COMPASS)CenterofMassInformationReferences[2]DilssnerF.,SpringerT.,Sch?nemannE.,EnderleW.;EstimationofsatelliteantennaphasecentercorrectionsforBeiDou.IGSWorkshop,Pasadena,California,USA(2014).
[3]MontenbruckO.,SchmidR.,MercierF.,SteigenbergerP.,NollC.,FatkulinR.,KogureS.,GaneshanA.S.(2015)GNSSsatellitegeometryandattitudemodels.AdvancesinSpaceResearch56(6):1015-1029.DOI10.1016/j.asr.2015.06.019
[4]DaiX.,GeM.,LouY.,ShiC.,WickertJ.,SchuhH.(2015)Estimatingtheyaw-attitudeofBDSIGSOandMEOsatellites.JournalofGeodesy89(10):1005-1018.DOI10.1007/s00190-015-0829-x
[5]ZhaoQ.,WangC.,GuoJ.,WangB.,LiuJ.(2018)PreciseorbitandclockdeterminationforBeiDou-3experimentalsatelliteswithyawattitudeanalysis.GPSSolutions22:4.DOI10.1007/s10291-017-0673-y
[6]DilssnerF.(2017)AnoteontheyawattitudemodelingofBeiDouIGSO-6
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